As far as Naval gunnery goes, first the idea of fitting artillery to a ship was down to the Potugeses, in the 15th century. At that time and for a couple of hundred years afterwards artillery was named. The Canon was just one type. The other day on TV a Proffesional Archeologist 'Expert' refered to a gun as a 'Sakar' then callec it a 'Canon' , sshes!
The first scientific approach to gunnery was Benjamin Roberts in 1742 who applied the ground breacking 'Newtonian' laws to shot and started Ballistics.
The intention for many centuries, was to caputre the enemy vessel, then sell it. Both the RN and USN paid prize money into the 20th century. The RN paid out in 1916 and the last recorded was USS Omaha in 1941.
The main stir up of Naval Artillery for centuries was in 1841 when Henry-Joseph Paixhans developed his gun to fire explosive shells, at that point ships could be sunk. This was followed by La Gloire, the first ocean going ironclad in 1859, and the British response HMS Warrior in service 1861 (Two years to design an entire new class of ship, though the same year she was launched, the RN launched its last three wooden 'Ships of the line' )
That and the French (Again!) development of Pouder B AKA White powder or Smokeless propelant led to much higher velocitys and thus smaller bore guns with longer range penetrating projectiles.
If your in Portsmouth the Museum of Naval Firepower is well worth the visit. They also have a drool worthy collection of small arms including trophy pices from the German High Seas Fleet. http://www.explosion.org.uk/
Found this site, http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/Gun_Data.htm